Dawkins e populiaren uchen - koito ima interesni razsujdenia za biologichnite vidove i tiahnoto povedenie (i ne samo). Kniga koiato naskoro chetoh ot nego e (Selfish Gene za koiato blagodaria na Boyan Krosnov) - strahotno chetivo koeto preporuchwam na vseki koito se interesuwa ot biologia.
Clinton Richard Dawkins (born March 26, 1941) is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and popular science writer who holds the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University.
Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which popularised the gene-centered view of evolution and introduced the term meme into the lexicon, helping found memetics. In 1982, he made a widely cited contribution to the science of evolution with the theory, presented in his book The Extended Phenotype, that phenotypic effects are not limited to an organism's body but can stretch far into the environment, including into the bodies of other organisms. He has since written several best-selling popular books, and appeared in a number of television and radio programmes, concerning evolutionary biology, creationism, and religion.
Dawkins is an outspoken atheist, secular humanist, and sceptic, and he is a prominent member of the Brights movement. In a play on Thomas Huxley's epithet "Darwin's bulldog", Dawkins' impassioned advocacy of evolution has earned him the appellation "Darwin's rottweiler".
Career
Dawkins moved to England with his parents at the age of eight, and attended Oundle School. He then studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He gained a BA degree in zoology in 1962, followed by MA and DPhil degrees in 1966, and a DSc in 1989.[1]
From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1970, he was appointed a lecturer and then in 1990 a reader in zoology at the University of Oxford. In 1995, he became Oxford's Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science, a position endowed by Charles Simonyi with an express intention that Dawkins be its first holder.[6] He has been a fellow of New College, Oxford since 1970.[7] He has delivered a number of inaugural and other notable lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), Michael Faraday Lecture (1991) (recently released on DVD as Growing Up In The Universe), T.H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), Sheldon Doyle Lecture (1999), Tinbergen Lecture (2000), and the Tanner Lectures (2003).[1]
Dawkins has edited a number of journals and has acted as editorial advisor for several publications, including Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He writes a column for the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine and serves as a senior editor. He has also been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, is a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism, a fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal and serves as advisor for several other organisations. He has sat on numerous judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards.[1] In 2004, the Dawkins Prize – awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities"[8] – was initiated by Oxford's Balliol College.
In 1996, Charles Simonyi referred to Dawkins as "Darwin's rottweiler",[9] a description later adopted by Discover magazine,[10] the Radio Times[11] and Channel 4. He has also been called "the nearest thing to a professional atheist we have had since Bertrand Russell"[12] and compared to Ernst Haeckel.[13]
Work
Evolutionary biology
In his scientific works, Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene-centered view of evolution – a view most clearly set out in his books The Selfish Gene (1976), where he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities", and The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". As an ethologist, interested in animal behaviour and its relation to natural selection, he advocates the idea that the gene is the principal unit of selection in evolution.
Dawkins has been consistently sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene. He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection.[14]
The gene-centred view also provides a basis for understanding altruism. Altruism appears at first to be a paradox, as helping others costs precious resources – possibly even one's own health and life – thus reducing one's own fitness. Previously this had been interpreted by many as an aspect of group selection, that is, individuals were doing what was best for the survival of the population or species. But W. D. Hamilton used the gene-centred view to explain altruism in terms of inclusive fitness and kin selection, that is, individuals behave altruistically towards their close relatives, who share many of their own genes.[15] (Hamilton's work features prominently in Dawkins' books, and the two became friends at Oxford; following Hamilton's death in 2000 Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service).[16] Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, where one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.[17]
Critics of Dawkins' approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection — a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce – is misleading, but that the gene could be described as a unit of evolution – the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population.[18] In The Selfish Gene, however, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams' definition of gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".[19] Another common objection is that genes cannot survive alone, but must cooperate to build an individual, and therefore can not be an independent "unit".[20] However, in The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins argues that because of genetic recombination and sexual reproduction, from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted. Recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis in which pairs of chromosomes cross over to swap segments of DNA. These sections are the "genes" to which Dawkins and Williams refer.
In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (the so-called "Darwin Wars"),[21] one faction was often named after Dawkins and its rival after Stephen Jay Gould, reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of relevant ideas. In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, with Dawkins generally approving and Gould critical.[22] A typical example of Dawkins' position is his scathing review of Not in Our Genes by Rose, Kamin and Lewontin.[23] Two other thinkers often considered to be in the same camp as Dawkins are Steven Pinker and Daniel Dennett, who has promoted a gene-centric view of evolution and defended reductionism in biology.[24] Dawkins and Gould, however did not have a hostile relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of one of his books A Devil's Chaplain to Gould.
Books
* The Selfish Gene (1976, 1989, 2006) ISBN 0-19-286092-5
* The Extended Phenotype (1982, 1999) ISBN 0-19-288051-9
* The Blind Watchmaker (1986, 1991, 2006) ISBN 0-393-31570-3
* River Out of Eden (1995) ISBN 0-465-06990-8; Audio (2000) ISBN 0-7528-3985-3
* Climbing Mount Improbable (1996) ISBN 0-393-31682-3
* Unweaving the Rainbow (1998) ISBN 0-618-05673-4
* A Devil's Chaplain (2003) ISBN 0-618-33540-4
* The Ancestor's Tale (2004) ISBN 0-618-00583-8; Audio (2005) ISBN 0-7528-7321-0
* The God Delusion (2006) ISBN 0-618-68000-4; Audio (2006) ISBN 1-84657-037-9
1/26/2007
1/25/2007
25tia mi Rojden Den
Riadko praznuwam rojdennite si dni, no towa beshe edin ot nai iakite. Podariha mi Xbox360..razbira se towa mojeshe da e ideia samo na Delian - veroiatno e smetnal che sled gaminga na WII-to i Xbox-a u tiah - po-dobre da mi vzeme edin ;-) da mojem da igraem v mreja ;-)~ ta.. igrata e goliama mania.. postnal sum samo 2-3 snimki, no kato cialo towa sa horata koito obicham i cennia nai mnogo.
1/19/2007
1/11/2007
1/03/2007
Current CCIE Lab Blue Print
1. Frame relay
2. Catalyst configuration: VLANs, VTP, STP, MSTP, RSTP, Trunk, Etherchannel, management, features, advanced configuration, Layer 3
# IP IGP Routing
1. OSPF
2. EIGRP
3. RIPv2
4. IPv6: Addressing, RIPng, OSPFv3
5. GRE
6. ODR
7. Filtering, redistribution, summarization and other advanced features
# BGP
1. IBGP
2. EBGP
3. Filtering, redistribution, summarization, synchronization, attributes and other advanced features
# IP and IOS Features
1. IP addressing
2. DHCP
3. HSRP
4. IP services
5. IOS user interfaces
6. System management
7. NAT
8. NTP
9. SNMP
10. RMON
11. Accounting
# IP Multicast
1. PIM, bi-directional PIM
2. MSDP
3. Multicast tools, source specific multicast
4. DVMRP
5. Anycast
# QoS
1. Quality of service solutions
2. Classification
3. Congestion management, congestion avoidance
4. Policing and shaping
5. Signaling
6. Link efficiency mechanisms
7. Modular QoS command line
# Security
1. AAA
2. Security server protocols
3. Traffic filtering and firewalls
4. Access lists
5. Routing protocols security, catalyst security
6. CBAC
7. Other security features
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